Richard S. Schweiker

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Richard Schultz Schweiker (June 1, 1926, Norristown, Pennsylvania – July 31, 2015), Republican.

Richard S. Schweiker represented Pennsylvania's 13th District in the U.S. House (1961–1969) and the state at large in the U.S. Senate (1969–1981), then served as the 14th U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services under President Reagan (1981–1983). He began as one of the most liberal Republicans in Congress and grew more conservative after Reagan named him his running mate ahead of the 1976 Republican convention, an alliance told in The Schweiker Stratagem.

As Secretary, he spent much of his two years defending the department's budget against the administration's own proposed cuts while carrying out many of them, and his name went on the 1981 Social Security proposal the Senate repudiated, 96 to 0. The more lasting record is quieter: the plan that became Medicare's prospective payment system for hospitals, the Medicaid waiver that let Katie Beckett be cared for at home and became a national option for disabled children, and the first federal tamper-resistant packaging rules after the Tylenol murders. The full account is Two Years at HHS; the regulations he signed and the lawsuits brought against the department have their own pages, HHS Regulations and HHS Litigation.

Early life and the warHe was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania, on June 1, 1926, to Malcolm Alderfer Schweiker and Blanche Schultz Schweiker, in a Pennsylvania Dutch family whose forebears had come to the colony as Schwenkfelders in the eighteenth century.

He was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania, on June 1, 1926, to Malcolm Alderfer Schweiker and Blanche Schultz Schweiker, in a Pennsylvania Dutch family whose forebears had come to the colony as Schwenkfelders in the eighteenth century. He was valedictorian of his class at Norristown High School and enlisted in the Navy in 1944, serving aboard the aircraft carrier USS Tarawa until 1946 and leaving as an electronics technician, second class.

A brother was killed in the fighting on Okinawa. Schweiker later traced his interest in public life to that loss, which he said taught him "that we are affected by things outside our own sphere." When he first ran for Congress he gave his "main reason" for entering politics as the desire "to work in the field of international relations and world peace," and in 1957 he and Claire named their first son for his father and for the brother he had lost.

Business and the road to CongressAfter the Navy he was admitted to Penn State, which had no room on its main campus for first-year students in 1946, so he began his studies as a Penn State student at Shippensburg State Teachers College.

After the Navy he was admitted to Penn State, which had no room on its main campus for first-year students in 1946, so he began his studies as a Penn State student at Shippensburg State Teachers College.1 At Penn State he joined the Phi Kappa Sigma fraternity, and he graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1950 with a degree in psychology. He went to work in the family's tile business in Lansdale, starting in the personnel department; by 1960 he was vice president for sales. He founded the Montgomery County Young Republicans in 1952, was an alternate delegate to the 1952 and 1956 Republican conventions, stepped aside for the party's candidate in a 1957 congressional race, and in 1960 beat the same man, Rep. John Lafore, in the primary on his way to the House.

  1. Several published biographies say he spent two years at Slippery Rock State College before transferring to Penn State. The claim appears in Robert Sobel's Biographical Directory of the United States Executive Branch, 1774–1989 (1990), and Wikipedia repeats it from there. It is wrong on three counts. First, he was a Penn State student from the start. When the GI Bill brought a flood of veterans in 1946, Penn State lacked housing and ruled that "no freshmen (men or women) were to be admitted to the main campus in 1946-47." It sent its first-year students to thirteen cooperating state teachers colleges and other centers instead, and guaranteed them a place on the main campus as sophomores (Michael Bezilla, Penn State: An Illustrated History, 1985, "Challenges of the Post-War Era"). His eldest daughter, Lani Shelton, a genealogist, says he spent that first year at Shippensburg. Second, the school was Shippensburg, not Slippery Rock. Both were state teachers colleges at the time, and that is the likely source of the error: a record that he began at a state teachers college before Penn State seems to have been read as an enrollment at a separate school, followed by a transfer, and the college was misnamed. That explanation is an inference; we have not found Sobel's source. Third, the timing rules out two years elsewhere. He served in the Navy from 1944 to 1946 and graduated from Penn State in 1950. His own biography in the Congressional Directory, which members of Congress supply themselves, lists only Penn State (B.A., 1950) in both the 1969 and 1979 editions. ↩
FaithHe was a lifelong member of the Central Schwenkfelder Church in Worcester, one of the country's smallest Protestant bodies, which grew out of the Reformation's struggle for liberty of conscience; by the family's account the Schweikers helped pay for its 1951 building, and he is buried in its Garden of Memories.

He was a lifelong member of the Central Schwenkfelder Church in Worcester, one of the country's smallest Protestant bodies, which grew out of the Reformation's struggle for liberty of conscience; by the family's account the Schweikers helped pay for its 1951 building, and he is buried in its Garden of Memories. The concern for conscience ran through his public life, from a sixteen-year effort to exempt the Amish from Social Security to a 1979 law protecting medical students on both sides of the abortion question. That story is told in Faith and Conscience.

After WashingtonHe left the Cabinet in February 1983 to become president of the American Council of Life Insurance, which he led until 1994, and served on the board of National Medical Enterprises, a hospital company.

He left the Cabinet in February 1983 to become president of the American Council of Life Insurance, which he led until 1994, and served on the board of National Medical Enterprises, a hospital company. Claire, his wife of 57 years, died in 2013. He died on July 31, 2015, at 89, survived by their five children and their grandchildren.

Claire SchweikerHis wife, Claire Joan Coleman Schweiker, was a Philadelphia native and the valedictorian of her high school class.

His wife, Claire Joan Coleman Schweiker, was a Philadelphia native and the valedictorian of her high school class. She was the original "Miss Claire" on Romper Room, the pioneering children's program, hosting the Philadelphia edition on WFIL's Channel 6 from 1954 to 1956 (photograph); she and Richard married in 1955, six months after they met. Raised, like her husband, in what she called a "strictly Pennsylvania Dutch family that stressed values and service," she would later say the two of them "see our primary purpose in life as serving God."

A 1953 radio and television broadcasting graduate of Temple University — later the first recipient of the school's Alumni in the Media award and a member of its hall of fame — she moved to Washington after her husband's election to the House in 1960. She gave speeches on public service, health, and faith into the early 1990s, served as vice chairman of the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation Ball, and was a former president of the District's Republican Wives Club, alongside memberships in the International Club of Washington, the Senate Wives Club, and the Senate Ladies Red Cross Unit. In September 1981, The Washington Dossier put the couple on its cover for a profile titled "For a Healthy America."

Claire Schweiker died April 28, 2013, at age 81 — survived by her husband of 57 years, their five children, a sister, and 23 grandchildren.

Legacy: How His Story Gets RetoldHis 1976 selection remains the standard historical reference point whenever a presidential candidate considers naming a running mate before securing the nomination.

His 1976 selection remains the standard historical reference point whenever a presidential candidate considers naming a running mate before securing the nomination. This is a representative sample of that recurring coverage, not an exhaustive news archive.

"A Gamble Gone Wrong"
TIME (cover story) · 1976-08

Contemporary coverage calling Reagan's move "one of the most astonishing and bizarre turnabouts in a campaign full of surprises" after it failed to swing the nomination.

Read it →
Cruz names Fiorina as running mate before the nomination — coverage reaches for the 1976 precedent
NBC News / MSNBC / NPR / TIME / CNBC · 2016-04

When Ted Cruz named Carly Fiorina his running mate before the 2016 nomination was decided, outlets across the board cited the Reagan-Schweiker gambit as the direct historical precedent — and the cautionary tale, since it failed both times.

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"When Ronald Reagan stunned America by picking a liberal running mate"
The Washington Post · 2024-07-11

A Trump-era retrospective using the 1976 episode as the history lesson for modern speculation about unconventional running-mate strategy.

Read it →
Authored WorksThree works he wrote or contributed to, drawn from Wikipedia's own bibliography for him.

Three works he wrote or contributed to, drawn from Wikipedia's own bibliography for him.

How to End the Draft: The Case for an All-Volunteer Army (1967)
Co-author, with Reps. Robert T. Stafford, Frank J. Horton, Garner E. Shriver, and Charles W. Whalen Jr. · National Press

An early, detailed case for shifting the United States to an all-volunteer military, later used as a blueprint for the actual transition.

Accessories After the Fact: The Warren Commission, the Authorities & the Report (1976)
Contributed the introduction · Vintage Books (by Sylvia Meagher)

Written the same year as the Church Committee's review of the original Kennedy assassination investigation.

"Health Care: Making a Good System Better," in A Changing America: Conservatives View the '80s From the United States Senate (1980)
Contributing author · Regnery, edited by Sen. Paul Laxalt and Richard S. Williamson

A chapter-length statement of his health-policy views, published the year before he became HHS Secretary.

Sources21 sources for this biography.

Home Life & Career

Timeline

His life and career year by year, from Norristown and the Navy through Congress, the 1976 campaign, HHS and after.

Sources are listed at the end of the timeline.

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Home Life & Career

Deep Dives

Long-form, sourced narratives on the chapters of his career that need more than a timeline entry.

Sources and notes follow each piece.

Home Life & Career

Connections

The presidents, senators and other public figures whose careers crossed his, and what the record shows they did together.

Sources: Congress.gov, Voteview.com (UCLA), and this archive's news collection.

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Home In Congress

Topics

Everything on the site about one subject, from bills and floor speeches to archive folders.

Congress.gov policy areas and Penn State's folder categories.

Legislation, floor-record mentions, and archive folders grouped by subject, drawn from Congress.gov's own policy-area tags and the archive's folder categories rather than a separately curated list. Select a topic to view everything on this site connected to it.

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Home In Congress

Legislation

The bills he sponsored and cosponsored in the House and Senate, 1961–1980. The story behind the best-known of them is told in The Senate Years and Faith and Conscience.

Sources: Congress.gov (Library of Congress) for 1973–1980; the Congressional Record's History of Bills for 1961–1972; the Statutes at Large for which bills became law.

Congress.gov's bill database begins in 1973. His House bills (1961–1968) and his first Senate term (1969–1972) are read instead from the History of Bills and Resolutions printed in each year's bound Congressional Record; those entries have no committee or related-bill data, and their titles come from scanned pages. Bills that became law carry the law's number, checked against the Statutes at Large. Select any bill to view its details.

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Home At HHS

HHS Regulations

The Federal Register documents he signed or approved as Secretary of Health and Human Services, 1981–1983. For what they added up to, see Two Years at HHS.

Source: the Library of Congress's scans of the Federal Register.

Every Federal Register Document Bearing His Signature

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Home At HHS

HHS Litigation

Published court opinions captioned with his name, as every case against the department was while he was Secretary. The disability-review cases are discussed in Two Years at HHS.

Source: the Caselaw Access Project, Harvard Law School Library.

Published Court Opinions Naming Him as a Party

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Home In Congress

Voting Record

Every recorded roll-call vote he cast: House 1961–1969, Senate 1969–1981. The votes that mark his career are discussed in The Senate Years; how often he voted with particular colleagues is on Connections.

Source: Voteview.com (UCLA).

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Home In Congress

Speeches & Floor Record

Each day's proceedings in the bound Congressional Record that mention him, 1961–1983: his own floor statements, bills and remarks, and others' references to him. Each entry is a whole day of the Senate or House, not a single speech. A short summary says what his part in the day was; the summaries were written by AI from the scanned Record, so check the original before citing one. Days on which he appears only in roll-call tallies are hidden unless you choose them.

Source: GovInfo.gov's digitized Congressional Record.

Full Floor Record

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Home In Congress

Committee Hearings

Hearings in which he testified, questioned witnesses or was named, 1963–1981, with what he said and the page where it starts. The short summaries were written by AI from the transcripts, so check the original before citing one.

Sources: GovInfo.gov's Congressional Hearings collection, the Senate Finance Committee, and the Senate Intelligence Committee.

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Home Coverage & Media

In the News

Newspaper coverage that names him, 1955–1995. For the events behind the headlines, start with the Timeline.

Sources: The New York Times, Penn State's Pennsylvania Newspaper Archive, and the Library of Congress.

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Home Coverage & Media

Photographs

Public-domain photographs, and a guide to the photograph collection in his papers.

Sources: the U.S. Senate, the Library of Congress, the National Library of Medicine, and Penn State.

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Home Coverage & Media

Video & Audio

Footage of him from C-SPAN, the Reagan Library and documentaries about the Church Committee.

Sources: C-SPAN and the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

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Home For Researchers

Archive Finder

A searchable guide to the boxes and folders of his papers at Penn State.

Source: Penn State's finding aid for the Richard S. Schweiker papers.

This site covers what is digitized and publicly searchable. For personal correspondence, internal drafts, press statements, and other material not represented elsewhere here, the primary source is the physical collection below. Search a topic to identify the box and folder that hold it, so a research visit can begin with a precise list rather than an open-ended search.

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